Abstract

The study aimed to know the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation. The study sample consisted of (100) inmates who benefited from vocational training programs provided to them in rehabilitation and reform centers in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The sample was chosen randomly. The descriptive analytical approach was used because this method is suitable for studies of this type. Thus the questionnaire was used as a tool to measure the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and its impact on their future adaptation. The results of this study showed that the effectiveness of the vocational training programs came at a positive level and to a high degree with a mean of (3.81). Based on the results obtained, the study recommended the need to work on increasing the vocational training programs offered to inmates in line with developments, especially techniques used. In addition, the need to activate and update the teaching methods used in training in modern ways that keep pace with the modern era. Then providing the financial capabilities and equipment necessary to hold more different training programs that suit the trends, tendencies, and desires of the inmates.

Keywords

Vocational • Training programs • Inmates • Rehabilitation• Reform centers • Future adaptation

Introduction

The philosophy of prisons in the past was based on places to carry out punishment and retribution, but this philosophy began to vanish for many years, especially after the emergence of humanistic trends, which imposed themselves on many facilities of lives peoples. There is no doubt that the treatment of prisoners, the purposes of punishment, and the allocation and classification of prisons. Among the issues that arise from time to time are to respect the dignity of prison inmates, provide a suitable environment for their residence, and modify their behavior, which enables them to return to their communities with positive behaviors.

The concept of correctional institutions developed in a manner that required successive developments in their capabilities and functions. There has also been a change in the judgment on the guilty from the viewpoint of the people, thus considering him a person who has lost his way, and a sick victim who deserves treatment, not a criminal who deserves punishment. This led to the philosophy of deposition and its nature, and for it to be transformed from correctional institutions aimed at punishment to institutions aimed at reform, and that is through providing social, educational and professional care programs for the inmates of correctional institutions whose main objective is to treat and reform the offender, and return him to society again as a good citizen capable of serving himself and his community.

Hence the concerns that seek to observe the impact of the correctional institution environment on the inmates and the amount of achievement it achieves in order to achieve the desired aims of its preventive and reform programs. Which are in the interest of achieving the social integration of the inmate in the environment of the institution in which he is deposited, then his external community after the end of the sentence or his release? Moreover, correctional institutions convince the inmate to reject the concepts and attitudes that formed a factor among the factors that led him to deviation and Show the guest sound concepts and attitudes that make him have sound thinking and lead him to the right path [1].

The educational, vocational, and training curriculum is one of the main axes in the professional education and training process, therefore these agencies and institutions in all countries are keen to develop programs and plans which ensure the preparation of the human element in these countries. Where humans are the most precious possession of these countries and to have the ability to carry its trust and face their responsibilities. The educational and training security apparatuses are more in need of adopting a rational policy in the selection of education and training curricula in them, especially with the contemporary development recorded by history worldwide in the second half of the twentieth century, whether in the technical field or patterns of criminal behavior or ideological shift. Especially since the educational and training return for inmates in correctional centers does not affect the individual himself, or the institution to which he belongs. Rather, it extends to the country's development plan due to the close link between comprehensive security and development. The success of the educational and training security agencies in performing their mission in preparing, educating, qualifying, and training inmates with their various responsibilities depends on the extent to which the educational and training curricula related to the actual work need and values of social, ethical and economic that are stable in society [2].

The importance of vocational training for the inmate appears in that it helps him restore his confidence by benefiting from these training programs on the one hand, and his commitment to the rules and regulations of the penal institution on the other hand. In addition to that vocational training for the inmate also leads to his preoccupation, thus, it avoids falling prey to unemployment, emptiness, and boredom and the resulting physical diseases and psychological disorders, or engaging in deviant activities, riots, and violence that do not conform to the aim of detention in prison [3].

Therefore, inmates are trained and qualified professionally by engaging them in professional training courses in various fields of work. These professional trainings are held in most reform and rehabilitation centers and in cooperation with the vocational training corporation and inmates care associations, according to the latest training programs. The participants are granted certificates by the institution to practice a profession without mentioning the word of the inmate or the venue of the session [4]

In light of the tremendous scientific, professional, and technical progress witnessed by the current era. Furthermore the emergence of systems, laws, and publications that show how to deal with the inmates of correctional centers from all social, psychological, and intellectual aspects. Thus, that requires studying the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation by achieving what society aspires to in terms of reforming and rehabilitating inmates. Then qualifying them to be active members of society and have a role in its reconstruction and prosperity.

Materials and Methods

Research Problem

The issue of penal institutions has occupied many researchers with different specializations in criminology, punishment, sociology, and other human sciences. This is for in order to reach results that are useful in improving its role in understanding the behavior of its inmates, as well as in order to reach the best methods to achieve its objectives by re-educating, rehabilitating, and training inmates to reintegrate them into society again according to the expectations desired from them. Which correspond to the values and standards of society after the expiration of their sentence and this leads to the stability of society? If the punitive policies are according to the different societies and their perceptions about wrong, right, deviation, and equality, and according to what is dictated by cultural variables such as beliefs, values , and social control systems. So from these things, the problem of the study can be formulated in terms of the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and its impact on their adaptation in the future.

Study Questions

How effective are the vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation?

Importance of study

The importance of the study is evident through the theoretical and practical importance of the study, and we show it as follows:

Theoretical importance

The topic of reforming and rehabilitating inmates, educating them, in addition to qualifying them educationally, professionally, and technically, is one of the vital and important issues in societies. On the other hand, in order to prepare and adapt them in the future and provide the skills and practices they need and they benefit from it to benefit themselves and their society and to become people who have a positive impact in society. Also of the theoretical importance of this study is the possibility of benefiting from its results, as it represents a new addition to Arab scientific studies and research and its contribution in this field if its results rise to the desired extent.

Procedural importance

The importance of the procedural study is highlighted in that it is concerned with the study of reformative, rehabilitative and professional social care programs and services provided to a category of society, which is the category of inmates of correctional institutions. This category is closely related to the security and stability of society in all its categories. Therefore, studying the effectiveness of these programs and their feasibility in achieving correctional and rehabilitation for inmates justifies the practical importance of conducting this study. Also, the importance of this study lies in the transformation of these inmates from negative individuals who have inactive energies, to productive and effective members of society.

Procedural definitions

Rehabilitation programs: The tool that links training needs with the objectives to be achieved in terms of training, scientific material, and training means with each other in order to develop the inmates of the rehabilitation and reform centers educationally, professionally, and technically in addition to achieve the desired aims.

Vocational training: The programs offered to the inmate within the rehabilitation and reform centers, to educate him, acquire a certain trade or profession, and the development of him for specific work, to adapt him in the future and earn his living after his release.

Rehabilitation and reform: Rehabilitation is to influence the inmate’s personality and help him develop his capabilities in order to achieve a change in his personality and behavior. Moreover, the aim of punishment must be reformative, so the idea of treatment replaces the idea of the punishment that cleanses him of sin. This with the aim of restoring social harmony, and based on the care of revealing the criminal risk of the convict and working to eliminate it through treatment, rehabilitation, and reform has been completed.

Inmates: They are a group of individuals who have committed violations against other people or the public right that is punishable by law.

Rehabilitation and reform centers: A place designated to receive those who commit a legal violation, and against whom judgments are issued for varying periods, and during these places many programs are aimed at reforming them and correcting their behavior.

Future adaptation: The ability of inmates to adapt to potential damage, take advantage of opportunities, or respond to consequences after they are released from rehabilitation and reform centers.

Study limits

Time limits: This study was implemented during the year 2021-2022.

Human limits: The study was limited to inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers in Jordan.

Spatial limits: The study was applied in rehabilitation and reform centers in Jordan.

Theoretical framework

Today, education has become one of the main active pillars in shaping the personality of the individual and providing him with the various skills necessary to achieve social and professional integration. Therefore, the individual who is deprived of the pleasure of passing through the various educational stages or some of them may find he in some cases unable to adapt to his environment, especially if several factors combine in a way that may push him to adopt a deviant or criminal behavior. These trends have been confirmed by some theoretical writings and field studies. Where Education is one of the important means that can be resorted to confront the phenomenon of delinquency and crime [5]

The importance of education does not stop at merely providing the convicts with knowledge, but it goes beyond that to unlocking the mental capabilities, acquiring a sound thinking style, judging things, modifying trends, and developing an aesthetic taste [6].

In addition to the educational aspect, there is also the professional aspect of the personality of the individual, as it constitutes one of the pillars upon which the building of civilization in societies is based. Thus, vocational training consists of training inmates who do not have a profession and has no ability to practice one of the professions that are consistent with their inclinations and aptitudes. On the other hand, vocational education is of great importance in the field of punitive reform, because it aims to provide inmates with a practical tool that enables them to obtain their pension in professional ways and to create confidence in them by adhering to the honorable profession. Moreover, generate in them a sense of responsibility, training them on accuracy in work, motivating them to cooperate with others, and respecting Coach's Instructions and Guidance [7].

Correction and rehabilitation centers aim at disciplining the inmate to reintegrate him into a society a person of normal behavior free from inclinations and returning to the risk of crime. Thus giving him a profession that helps him to live a decent life and earn his living and the livelihood of his family after his release from the penal institution. Correction and rehabilitation centers also work to take care of the inmates culturally, socially, religiously, and healthily, in order to distance them from crime or at least reduce the chances of re-offending. In addition to exploiting the capabilities of the inmates and employing them in production and development processes, to improve their living conditions and to support the national economy. This leads to reducing the cost of crime to the extent that it achieves this aim, and one of its aims is also to follow up inmates after their release and return to society. This is to ensure that the integration process is proceeding correctly in coordination with social and civil bodies and stakeholders [8].

Among the most important matters that helped to rehabilitate and reform inmates, a memorandum of understanding was signed between the Public Security Directorate and the Vocational Training Corporation of the Public Security Directorate, in order to rehabilitate and reform inmates. For work on transforming them into productive citizens in society after the end of their sentence, and their exit to working life by rehabilitating them professionally through the provision of vocational training services. Furthermore preparing the qualified workforce and regulating the Jordanian labor market, through training and qualifying the inmates of the reform and rehabilitation centers in vocational training workshops to become active members of society. Then designing training programs according to the needs of inmates, implementing and supervising training programs, and provision trainers male and female. In addition to that, the implementation of theoretical and practical tests, level tests and issuance of the necessary certificates, and provision of equipment, fixtures, and furniture in craft workshops as training facilities [9].

Among the most important vocational training programs in which inmates are trained are trade and decoration, blacksmithing and metal forming, sewing, dyeing and ironing clothes, producing bread and sweets, producing chemical detergents, cooking food, and other professions. The following is a simple explanation of some of the concerns of vocational training, including [10].

Trade and decoration: These workshops are among the best existing workshops and can work with a high production capacity, and they can open several lines of work at the same time. In order to provide the human, technical capabilities and the appropriate location. These workshops operate with a production capacity (95%) of their total capacity, and train and teach inmates these professions.

Blacksmithing and metal forming: These workshops undertake training and rehabilitation of inmates, as their production capacity is (90%), and they can work in more than one production line. in addition, meet some of the public security needs such as all-metal furniture, beds, and manufacture metal structures for any institution or ministry.

Sewing: these workshops tailor all the requirements of public security, including some clothes, mattress covers, pillows, and any other work, and there are several machines that work with a good production capacity.

Printing press: There are complete printing machines available, which can print any models that you require printing in different sizes and shapes. It also works the binding of all books and magazines, and these workshops can train a large number of inmates to work on these machines.

Chemical cleaners: inmates are trained and operated in this workshop to manufacture some chemical products and use them in the various repair and rehabilitation centers.

Bakery and sweets: this operator trains inmates to prepare various types of sweets, which are sold to their families upon visits, and there is also a bakery for making bread.

Therefore, those responsible for correctional and rehabilitation centers pay attention to the aspect of vocational training and rehabilitation because of its importance in treating and rehabilitating inmates. It also achieves various benefits for the inmate, including getting used to ordering, commitment, and eliminating feeling insignificant, which may result from emptiness. Furthermore, occupied the thinking of the prisoner with things that are useful to him so that he does not have the opportunity to think about crime or riots, and above all, qualify the inmate to earn honorable income from the profession that he learns and masters in prison. In addition to the new values and habits that the prisoner gains from this professional training, such as self-reliance and confidence, cooperation with others, acquiring new positive attitudes towards work, colleagues and superiors, and the formation of sound relations.

On the other hand, unemployment causes the creation of factors leading to crime, so the modern theory of reform and rehabilitation of inmates gives great importance to craft education through vocational training in rehabilitation and reform institutions. Some experts concerned with reform and treatment affairs in correctional institutions believe that vocational training is a natural entry point to curb crime. Meanwhile, the inmate's acquisition of a profession from which he can live after his release contributes to bringing the inmate back to society with a normal personality that denounces the crime and a return to delinquency.

In order for the beneficiary of vocational training programs in reform and rehabilitation centers to be able to adapt to future conditions, which gives ecological and human social systems the ability to reconfigure themselves with minimal loss of function. Where vocational training programs help human social systems to stabilize social relations, maintain social capital and economic prosperity. Adaptability can be improved in a number of different ways, including.

Asset base: Provides a variety of key livelihood assets that allow families or communities to respond to emerging conditions.

Institutions and entitlements: the existence of an appropriate and developed institutional environment that allows access to major assets and capital and their entitlement.

Knowledge and information: The ability of families and communities to generate, receive, evaluate and disseminate knowledge and information to support appropriate adaptation options.

Innovation: The system creates an enabling environment to foster innovation, experimentation, and the ability to explore specialized solutions in order to take advantage of new opportunities.

Flexible decision-making, governance, and forward-looking: The system can anticipate, incorporate and respond to changes in management structures and future planning.

Several development interventions such as social protection programs and efforts to strengthen social safety nets can play important roles in enhancing aspects of resilience.

Previous studies

Al-Olaymat study, aimed to reveal the problems faced by the Inmates of The correctional and Rehabilitation Centers their needs in Jordan, where the researcher distributed a questionnaire to a sample of (393) inmates. The most prominent problems revealed by the study were: lack of visiting time and insufficient phone calls, availability of facilities and food, health and mental health problems, personal and family problems, lack of educational and entertainment opportunities, lack of vocational training, and work opportunities.

Mohammed, aimed in their study to find out how to reduce recidivism in inmates through vocational training and education, focusing on how to reduce recidivism cases by inmates after their release, through the provision of professional education and training programs. The researchers pointed out that the aim of establishing institutes of reform and rehabilitation centers around the world is to provide rehabilitation and correction of the behavior of convicts by providing an effective environment that reduces the risk of their return to crime. Since many inmates have a lower level of education than is acceptable and are often unemployed, which leads to their poor opportunities for obtaining adequate housing and stable life. As for the benefits of vocational training and rehabilitation, the researchers indicated that rehabilitating prisoners is one of the best means of investing in human capital, as the value and success of the trained worker are higher and more effective than the untrained worker for the employer. The possession of a certificate of competence or a professional license for inmates is an indication that they are ready and prepared to get a job. It also helps them overcome the social stigma that has befallen them as a result of their arrest and imprisonment.

Study of Al-Omari, aimed to know the role of educational programs provided within correctional institutions in reducing recidivism rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where the questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (244) inmates. The results of the study showed that (95) inmates confirmed that their participation in educational and vocational training programs would enable them to find work after their release and that it led to an increase in their monthly income, an increase in the level of their professional skills, and acceptance by their families, families, and society. The study also showed that (70) of the respondents, the reason for their return to crime is unemployment and lack of work.

Lathrop study in the United States of America, aimed to identify the impact of educational and vocational rehabilitation programs provided in prison inmates on their behavior and the possibility of reoffending. The study sample consisted of (34) previous studies that were referenced by reviewing the relevant databases and revealing the refereed studies that examined the impact of educational and vocational rehabilitation programs on inmates. The content of those studies was analyzed, as the results of the study indicated a positive impact of each of the educational and vocational rehabilitation programs on the behavior of inmates. The results showed that the inmates participating in the educational and vocational rehabilitation programs scored lower and statistically significant levels of return to prison.

Al-Sarhan, aimed to know the reality of vocational training and its obstacles in correctional institutions and the attitudes of inmates towards it. The researcher used the descriptive-analytical method in the study. In this study, the researcher used a questionnaire distributed to (127) inmates and the study concluded that there is a relationship between vocational training and not returning to crime. There are obstacles that prevent the effectiveness of vocational training in correctional institutions. The approval of the study sample on ways to reduce the obstacles that prevent the effectiveness of vocational training in correctional institutions.

Al-Arabi study, aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of work programs with groups for prison inmates as one of the mechanisms to reduce the return to crime. The study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of work programs with groups providing inmates and identifying factors affecting and obstacles encountered, and evaluating the roles of social workers in work programs with groups providing inmates. The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach. The study found that the level of effectiveness of work programs with groups providing inmates in prisons is of the intermediate type. Social programs and sports programs came in the first and second levels in terms of effectiveness because of their ease and proximity to inmates.

Boufard Study, University of Maryland, Maryland, the United States aimed to understand the effectiveness of vocational education and employment programs for adult offenders. He has evaluated many studies of the effects of applying for programs on inmates, in order to reduce the possibility of relapse of their behavior after leaving prison and returning to crime. The study highlighted the importance of vocational training programs, community employment, and corrective industries in correcting the behavior of criminals, and preventing their setbacks after their release from prison, as it is considered one of the most important interventions in correcting behavior. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, 13 vocational training tests, 5 remedial industry programs, and 7 community employment tests were selected, and a Maryland measurement was used to verify the accuracy of each of these tests, which was included in order to obtain a clear and systematic representation of the quality of this research. The study found that relevant training programs, community employment, and corrective industries contributed to reducing recidivism among offenders by the criteria used in this study. Although the results are inconclusive, several studies with scientific feasibility found evidence of a relapse of inmates in experimental groups after their release, better than those of members of the control groups.

Methodology and procedures

Research methodology (question): To answer the question, "How effective are vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on future adaptation from their point of view?"

The analytical descriptive method was used. This study aims to reveal the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation from their point of view.

Research population and its sample: The study community consists of all the inmates in the rehabilitation and reform centers who receive vocational training programs in Jordan. The study sample consisted of 100 inmates who received vocational training programs in the rehabilitation and reform centers and were selected randomly.

Research tool: There are many scientific research tools used to collect information and data. Based on the nature of the data to be collected, and the methodology used in the study, it has emerged that the most appropriate tool to achieve its objectives is: Questionnaire, which is designed after a review of literature, methods of scientific research, and field studies relevant to the subject of the study.

This part of the study consists of three measures: The study tool consists of 16 paragraphs, which are concerned with the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation from their point of view,

Each paragraph has five alternatives: Strongly agreed and given five degrees, agreed and given four degrees, neutral and given three degrees, disagreed and given two degrees, strongly disagreed and given one grade.

In order to understand the significance of the arithmetic averages of each of the measures, the following criteria have been adopted: (less than 2.90: low approval score, from 2.91 to 3.70: Average approval score, higher than 3.71: high degree of agreement).

Validate study tool: The tool was presented to (8) arbitrators with experience and specialization to get their views on the consistency, clarity, and comprehensiveness of the questionnaire including paragraphs belonging to the standard as a whole.

The questions had been amended and formulated on the recommendation of the arbitrators. In the light of the proposals for amendment made by the arbitrators, the amendments agreed upon by the arbitrators had been made, in the light of which a number of them had been amended and deleted. In addition, some paragraphs had been redrafted to refer directly and briefly to what the paragraph was intended for, thus achieving its apparent sincerity.

Stability of study tool: In order to verify the stability of the tool, the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was calculated on an exploratory sample from the study community and from outside its sample of 30 inmates. The value of the stability coefficient of the scale was 0.87, which is suitable for study purposes.

Results and Discussion

Results related to answering the question: What is the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation?

To answer this question, the arithmetic means and standard deviations of the responses of the sample members were calculated, and Table 1 shows the results.

Table 1. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the responses of the sample members towards the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers.

Table 1 shows that the arithmetic averages of the responses of the study sample members to the effectiveness of vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers on their adaptation in the future.

It ranged between the average and high level, and with arithmetic mean that ranged between (3.10-4.02), and the total mark of the tool was at a high level, and an arithmetic average of (3.81), where the highest was for the paragraph "vocational training programs provide vocational skills and experience that enable me to live well in the future.", followed by the paragraph" vocational training programs in correctional and rehabilitation centers provide me with various skills and experiences that will benefit me in the future." And then the paragraph that gave the same arithmetic average, which states, “Enrollment in vocational training programs for inmates in correction and rehabilitation centers will improve their economic level.”

Then followed by "objectives of the vocational training programs correspond to the needs that they will practice in the future.”

 While the paragraph "Professional training programs offered to the inmates are in line with the development and development of the times", got the lowest arithmetic mean (3.10), with a deviation (1.20).

Conclusion

The current study agrees with the study of Muhammad and Muhammad, the study of the Omari, Lathrop study, Sarhan study, Bouffard study, which showed a positive level of the vocational training programs offered to inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their future adaptation in terms of social, economic, and psychological aspects.

The results showed the effectiveness of the vocational training programs for inmates in rehabilitation and reform centers and their impact on their future adaptation, as it came at a high level. The researcher attributes the result.

• The objectives of the vocational training programs are compatible with the needs that the inmates will practice in the future
• The vocational training programs in the correctional and rehabilitation centers provide inmates with various skills and experiences that will benefit them in the future.
• The desire of the inmates to train and develop them professionally is in line with their inclinations and desires.

This is an indication that inmates are ready and prepared to get a job in the future, which leads to an increase in their monthly income and a rise in their professional skills. In addition, it helps them overcome the social stigma that has befallen them as a result of their arrest, imprisonment, and the acceptance of their families, parents, and community.

Recommendations

Increase vocational training programs for inmates in accordance with developments, especially technical ones.

The necessity of activating and updating the teaching methods used in training in modern ways that keep pace with the modern era.

Provide the material means and equipment necessary for holding more different training programs that suit the inclination, and desires of inmates.

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